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Infekční mastitidy skotu a jejich současná problematika
Pavezová, Natálie
The topic of the bachelor thesis is infectious mastitis of cattle and their current problems. The anatomy of the mammary gland itself, classification of mastitis, selected pathogens causing infectious mastitis and their prevention and treatment are described. Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, currently represents one of the greatest risks to dairy cattle producers. It is a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry as milk quality is poor and production is reduced. The disease is influenced by many factors, both environmental factors, which are mainly caused by the environment such as dirty bedding, and infectious factors, where the infection occurs mainly in the parlour. The result of this work is therefore a review of significant infectious mastitis, both in terms of prevention, treatment and control. It is most important to focus on the prevention of this disease, as it is better than treatment alone, which can have fatal consequences.
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Zhodnocení výskytu environmentálních mastitid ve vybraném chovu dojného skotu
BÍLÝ, David
Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of environmental mastitis and the economic impact of mastitis in a selected dairy cattle farm for the period 2019-2022. A total of 596 cases of mastitis were diagnosed, of which 78% were environmental mastitis. While the number of cases of contagious mastitis decreased over the period under review (from 36 % to 6 %), the number of environmental mastitis cases followed the opposite trend. The economic cost per dairy cow ranged from CZK 2 134 to CZK 4 527. The largest item was the loss of milk from treated dairy cows.
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of mastitis using on-farm cultivation
KRATOCHVÍL, Martin
Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases of dairy cattle and their treatment is also the most common cause of antibiotic use on a farm. Farm cultivation is currently one of the ways to improve the decision-making process in the treatment of mastitis. The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluate the treatment procedures using farm cultivation and to make an economic evaluation of mastitis on a selected farm of dairy cattle.The experimental observation of a herd of dairy black-spotted Holstein cattle to assess the treatment of mastitis took place in two monitoring periods: without farm cultivation (BFK); with farm cultivation (SFK). A significant difference in the number of cured cases and cases of reinfections was found between the observed periods. While 60.6% of mastitis cases were cured during the BFK period and 30.4% of cases were reinfected, in the SFK period 87.1% of dairy cows were healed and only 12.9% of them were reinfected. The total financial costs associated with mastitis were almost the same in both periods. The highest item was milk losses. It can be positively assessed that the involvement of farm cultivation did not significantly increase the costs associated with the treatment of mastitis. The introduction of a farm cultivation system into an antimastitis program had a very positive effect on the effectiveness of the treatment performed on the monitored farm. The main benefit was a significant reduction in the number of reinfections and an increase in the number of successfully cured dairy cows, while maintaining almost the same treatment costs.
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Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
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Prevence a léčba mastitid dojnic
Kosourová, Gabriela
The aim of the bachelor thesis is the prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows. The first part deals with the anatomy of the mammary gland. The second part, milk production will be discussed. In the next part, the division of mastitis will be discussed and described. Each mastitis has different symptoms, course of infection, duration of treatment and mainly pathogen resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the final part will be discussed diagnostics, treatment and prevention. In prevention, I will focus on the correct procedure for milking, stable environment and dry-off.
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Vliv výživy na složení mléka dojnic
Čumová, Klára
This bachelor thesis deals mainly with nutrition and its influence on milk composition of dairy cows. The first part describes the physiology and anatomy of the mammary gland, as well as the digestive tract focused mainly on the specifics that occur in ruminants - for example ruminations, motorics of the pre-stomachs, digestion of individual nutrients in the rumen and small intestine. The next section deals with milk and its main compo-nents, including proteins, sugars and fats, as well as minor components such as urea, citric acid, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies. Basics of nutrition, feeding techniques and primarily the effect of nutrition on individual components of milk are described. Given that we are able to influence nutritional composition of milk by nutrition we can determine by its evaluation the level of nutrition and metabolism of dairy cows. In the final part of the thesis are also presented other important influences that cause the chan-ge of milk composition and we can not always influence them, such as genetics, breed, age and more.
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Vliv kolostra na imunitní systém telete
Pilková, Kateřina
The importance of cow colostrum in the immune system of the newborn calf is well known. Insufficient or incorrect feeding of colostrum significantly participates in the morbidity and mortality of calves. That‘s why this bachelor thesis focuses on immunity and colostrum receiving. The bovine placenta is impermeable to antibodies and therefore the calf is born without developed defence. Passive immunity is obtained through colostrum from the mother. Colostrum after the birth versus normal milk contains more immunoglobulins, proteins, fats and vitamins, which nourish and protect the body of the calf. The intestinal wall is permeable to immunoglobulins only during the first 24 hours after the birth, so it is important that the calf is fed by the colostrum as fast as possible and in as large quantity as possible.
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The use of immunohistochemistry for the examination of mammary gland biopsy.
MACHÁČOVÁ, Dominika
Background: Tumours of the breast are the most common tumours in the female population of the Czech Republic. Improvements in early diagnosis and therapy have led to gradual reduction of mortality with an increasing incidence of this disease. Aims: The aim of this study was to find out the significance of imunohistochemistry in diagnostics of tumours of the breast. Materials and methods: A total of 22 cases of malignant neoplasm of the breast were included in our study. Twenty two core-cut biopsies and twenty one resected specimens were eximined. Imunohistochemical staining with a total of 5 markers was performed - oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2, Ki-67, E-cadherin. In 9 cases, imunohistochemical examination in the resection specimens was also performed. The results of manual imunohistochemical staining and staining performed on autostainer Ventana Benchmark were compared. Results: The most frequent histologic subtype was invasive carcinoma of no special type in fourteen of cases, followed by four cases of invasive lobular carcinoma, two cases of atypical medullary carcinoma, one case of mixed (invasive carcinoma of no special type and invasive lobular carcinoma) carcinoma and one case of metaplastic carcinoma. In one case, a different diagnosis was made - invasive carcinoma of no special type was diagnosed in the core-cut biopsy while metaplastic carcinoma was diagnosed in the resected specimen. The expression of both oestrogen and progesterone receptors was variable. It ranged between 10-100 % (on average 81,9 % and 38,8 % respectively). Oestrogen receptors were found in 18 of cases while progesterone receptors were found in 16 of cases. The Ki-67 expression ranged between 2 and 40 % (on average 16,5 %); higher Ki-67 values ( 20 %) were found in tumours with loss of oestrogen and/or progesterone receptor expression and in poorly differentiated tumours. None of the cases was determinated as HER2 positive; a score 0 was used in 12 of the cases and a score 1+ in 10 of the cases. Conclusion: When comparing manual imunohistochemical staining staining with staining performed on the autostainer Ventana Benchmark very similar results were obtained.
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Využití kultivačních metod v diagnostice zánětů mléčné žlázy ve vybraném chovu dojnic
ULMOVÁ, Kateřina
The goal of my thesis was to evaluate origin of mastisis diseases and specify the best way to cure this disease with antibiotics. Secondary goal was to examin origin of things that cause these diseases, efficiency of the cure and how it is influenced by the stage of the illness. This research was made in cowshed, fron april to december 2018 with 136 specimen. During this period I took samples of milk, that had more than 800 000 somatic cells in 1ml of milk. Based of possitve NK test, samples of mammary gland were taken and cultivated on one used only Petri dish. Depending of the origin of the infection, the proper atibitics were chosen for the cure. After 7 to 14 days after antibiotics treatment, milk sample was taken from the cured part od mammary gland and It was tested to see, if the treatment was successful. 77% of the specimen were sick because of microorganisms and most of the specimen were afflicted the most during 1st lactation (36.8% to 47.1%). Following microorganisms caused mastisis - Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa a Enterococcus faecalis. 36% of mastisis was caused by Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), followed by coliform bacteria (22%). 17% of mastisis was caused by Streptococcus uberis. 10.5% of specimen was infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Candida rugosa was found in 7.4% of the samples and in 9.5% of samples the diseasehad no specific microorganism responsible. From 105 infected cows, 68% of them fully recovered. At the end, based on the stage of the mastisis, efectivness of the treatmend was statistically evaluated. The evaluation showed, that stage of infection massively influence the result of the treatment.
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